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Study Child 38, — Kluft R. The psychoanalytic psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder in the context of trauma therapy. Inquiry 20, — Laplanche J. Pontalis J. The Language of Psychoanalysis. Lettieri R. The ego revisited. Leuzinger-Bohleber M. Fischmann T. What is conceptual research in psychoanalysis. Lynn S. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego.
These elements work together to create complex human behaviors. Each component adds its own unique contribution to personality and the three interact in ways that have a powerful influence on an individual. Each element of personality emerges at different points in life.
According to Freud's theory, certain aspects of your personality are more primal and might pressure you to act upon your most basic urges. Other parts of your personality work to counteract these urges and strive to make you conform to the demands of reality.
Here's a closer look at each of these key parts of the personality, how they work individually, and how they interact. The id is driven by the pleasure principle , which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.
For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, they will cry until the demands of the id are satisfied.
Young infants are ruled entirely by the id, there is no reasoning with them when these needs demand satisfaction. Imagine trying to convince a baby to wait until lunchtime to eat their meal. The id requires immediate satisfaction, and because the other components of personality are not yet present, the infant will cry until these needs are fulfilled. However, immediately fulfilling these needs is not always realistic or even possible.
If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing the things that we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the use of primary process thinking , which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need.
Although people eventually learn to control the id, this part of personality remains the same infantile, primal force throughout life. It is the development of the ego and the superego that allows people to control the id's basic instincts and act in ways that are both realistic and socially acceptable.
The ego operates based on the reality principle , which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.
The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification —the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.
Freud compared the id to a horse and the ego to the horse's rider. The horse provides the power and motion, while the rider provides direction and guidance. Without its rider, the horse may simply wander wherever it wished and do whatever it pleased.
The rider gives the horse directions and commands to get it to go where the rider wants it to go. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through secondary process thinking, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.
An important feature of clinical and social work is to enhance ego functioning and help the client test reality through assisting the client to think through their options.
The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 — 5 years during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
The superego is seen as the purveyor or rewards feelings of pride and satisfaction and punishments feelings of shame and guilt depending on which part the ego-deal or conscious is activated.
The superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection. The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience is our 'inner voice' that tells us when we have done something wrong. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to the id's demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt.
The ideal self or ego-ideal is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society. Behavior which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego through guilt. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Freud A. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.
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